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Juvenile Justice: A Guide to Theory, Policy, and Practice – 9TH 18
by: Cox, Steven M.

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Even though White Houses of Refuge reluctantly admitted African American minors, they were deprived of vital services, an aspect that led to their overrepresentation within these facilities. For instance, 60% of the children aged under 16 years were being held at the Maryland penitentiary in Baltimore were Blacks (Jacobs & Sherman, 2011). In addition, close to 50% of minors in the Providence jail were African American, and all children under 16 in the Washington, DC, penitentiary were African American. These racial attitudes eventually received legal backing courtesy of the Ex parte Crouse decision in 1838. The main aim of coming up with the juvenile justice system was not only to protect delinquent minors from the adult system but also to rehabilitate them.

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